Adenosylcobalamin is a biologically active form of vitamin B12 .It is a cofactor for methylmalonyl CoA mutase.?It belongs to the corrinoid group of compounds, which contain a corrin macrocycle, and is produced only by certain bacteria and archaea.?

Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring.

Propionic acid (PA) is widely used as an antifungal agent in food. It is present naturally at low levels in dairy products and occurs ubiquitously together with other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other mammals as an end-product of the microbial digestion of carbohydrates.